03001naa a2200289 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902400350006010000170009524500860011226000090019850001610020752019300036865300250229865300100232365300260233365300190235965300370237865300240241565300210243965300280246065300290248870000190251770000230253670000180255977301340257710623592021-08-19       2021    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d7 a10.1016/j.gfs.2021.1005662DOI1 aCASTILLO, J.  aThe nitrogen economy of rice-livestock systems in Uruguay.h[electronic resource]  c2021  aArticle history: Received 13 March 2021, Revised 29 July 2021, Accepted 30 July 2021, Available online 11 August 2021. E-mail address: jcastillo@inia.org.uy  aOver many decades there has been a global trend away from mixed farming and integrated crop-livestock systems to more-intensive single commodity systems. This has distorted local and global nutrient balances, resulting in environmental pollution as well as soil nutrient depletion. Future food systems should include integrated crop-livestock systems with tight nutrient budgets. For nitrogen (N), detailed understanding of processes, fluxes ? including of gaseous forms ? and budgets at a component level is needed to design productive systems with high N use efficiency (NUE) across the full nutrient chain. In Uruguay, a unique rice-livestock system has been practiced for over 50 years, attaining a high production level for rice (mean grain yields > 8 Mg ha?1) and an average level for livestock (120 kg liveweight gain ha?1 y?1). The aim of this study was to quantify the components of the N balance and NUE of this system, so as to understand its long-term sustainability, and draw conclusions for other regions. Analysis of country-level statistics for each component over the last 16 years shows tight N balances of +3.49, +2.20 and +2.22 kg N ha?1 yr?1 for rice, livestock and the whole system, respectively. Based on average values of N retained in edible food products, NUE values were 65.7, 13.2 and 23.1% for rice, livestock and the whole system, respectively. While NUE of livestock was unchanged over the period, NUE of the rice component decreased due to increasing fertiliser use. Further gains in N efficiency are possible by better integrating the system components. Actions to increase system level NUE include raising pasture and livestock productivity and controlling the increasing use of N fertilisers in rice. Tightly integrated crop-livestock systems can play a significant role in re-shaping global agriculture towards meeting food security, environmental and socioeconomic sustainability targets.  aAGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS  aARROZ  aBALANCE DE NITRÓGENO  aCROP-LIVESTOCK  aEFICIENCIA DE USO DEL NITRÓGENO  aFULL NUTRIENT CHAIN  aNITROGEN BALANCE  aNITROGEN USE EFFICIENCE  aSISTEMA ARROZ-GANADERÍA1 aKIRK, G. J. D.1 aJORDANA RIVERO, M.1 aDOBERMANN, A.  tGlobal Food Security, September 2021, Volume 30, Article number 100566, pages 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100566