03306naa a2200325 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902200140006002400390007410000200011324501110013326000090024450002750025352020830052865300180261165300210262965300150265065300180266565300230268365300560270665300150276265300160277770000130279370000200280670000160282670000200284270000170286270000160287977300850289510647252024-07-09       2024    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a0041-01017 a10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.1078272DOI1 aRIET-CORREA, F.  aA review on mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses in ruminants and Equidae in South America.h[electronic resource]  c2024  aArticle history: Received 8 March 2024, Revised 19 June 2024, Accepted 20 June 2024, Available online 22 June 2024, Version of Record 26 June 2024, To be Published 28 August 2024. -- Corresponding author: E-mail address: franklinrietcorrea@gmail.com (F. Riet-Correa). --  aABSTRACT.- Of the mycotoxicoses caused by molds contaminating grains or their byproducts, leukoencephalomalacia of horses and less frequently aflatoxicosis in cattle have been reported in South America. However, the most important group of mycotoxins in the region are those caused by fungi that infect forages and other types of plants and have regional distribution. In this group, ergotism is important, both caused by Claviceps purpurea infecting grains or by Epichloë coenophiala infecting Schedonorus arundinaceus. Other important mycotoxicoses are those caused by indole-diterpenes produced by Clavicipitaceous fungi including Claviceps paspali in Paspalum spp., Claviceps cynodontes in Cynodon dactylon, and by Periglandula a seed transmitted symbiont associated with the tremorgenic plant Ipomoea asarifolia. The latter is an important poisoning in the northeastern and northern Brazil. Other important mycotoxicoses are those caused by swainsonine containing plants. It was demonstrated that swainsonine contained in Ipomoea carnea var. fistulosa is produced by an epibiotic fungus of the order Chaetothyriales whose mycelia develop on the adaxial surface of the leaves. Swainsonine is also produced by the symbiotic, endobiotic fungi Alternaria section Undifilum spp., which is associated with Astragalus spp. in the Argentinian Patagonia causing poisoning. Another form of mycotoxicosis occurs in poisoning by Baccharis spp., mainly B. coridifolia, a very important toxic plant in South America that contains macrocyclic trichothecenes probably produced by an endophytic fungus that has not yet been identified. Pithomycotoxicosis caused by Pithomyces chartarum used to be an important mycotoxicosis in the region, mainly in cattle grazing improved pastures of legumes and grasses. Slaframine poisoning, diplodiosis and poisoning by barley contaminated by Aspergillus clavatus has been rarely diagnosed in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.  © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.  aBaccharis spp  aIndol-diterpenes  aMycotoxins  aMycotoxycoses  aPithomycotoxicosis  aPLATAFORMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SALUD ANIMAL - INIA  aSlaframine  aSwainsonine1 aCOOK, D.1 aMICHELOUD, J.F.1 aMACHADO, M.1 aMENDONÇA, F.S.1 aSCHILD, A.L.1 aLEMOS, R.A.  tToxicon, 2024, Volume 247, 107827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107827