02552naa a2200265 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902200140006002400390007410000320011324500800014526000090022550003750023452013620060965300190197165300260199065300290201665300210204565300120206665300560207870000200213470000260215470000160218077300900219610651792025-05-02       2025    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a0041-01017 a10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.1083752DOI1 aVASCONCELOS DE SOUSA, A. L.  aSorghum poisoning in ruminants and horsesba review.h[electronic resource]  c2025  aArticle history: Received 8 March 2025, Received in revised form 14 April 2025, Accepted 23 April 2025, Available online 24 April 2025. -- Correspondence: Machado, M.; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Distrito Federal, Brazil; email:mmachado@inia.org.uy -- Handling Editor: Denise Tambourgi. -- Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.  aABSTRACT.- We reviewed the history, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, pathogenesis, treatment, control, and prophylaxis of Sorghum poisoning in livestock. Economic losses in the livestock industry associated with sorghum have been reported since the 19th century. Hyperacute/acute poisoning associated with cyanide (HCN) or nitrate/nitrite frequently occurs in ruminants that consume high quantities of growth and regrowth sorghum after drought, followed by rainfall, respectively. Chronic cystitis-ataxia syndrome primarily affects horses after weeks of grazing on sorghum pastures, while congenital arthrogryposis and axonopathy have been observed in pregnant ewes and cows grazing sorghum sprouts. The hyperacute/acute manifestations result from the blockade of the respiratory chain by cyanide. However, the pathogenesis of chronic exposure leading to spinal cord lesions, as well as the potential teratogenic effects of cyanide, including abortions and limb deformities in both livestock and humans, remains unknown. Sodium thiosulphate is recommended for the treatment of acute poisoning. Prophylaxis for sorghum poisoning includes avoiding grazing on plants younger than seven weeks, removing sorghum from the diet of poisoned animals, and being cautious with sorghum stover after rain due to regrowth risks. © 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd.  aArthrogryposis  aCyanogenic glycosides  aCystitis-ataxia syndrome  aHydrocyanic acid  aNitrate  aPLATAFORMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SALUD ANIMAL - INIA1 aRIET-CORREA, F.1 aBOTELHO DE CASTRO, M.1 aMACHADO, M.  tToxicon, July 2025, Volume 261, 108375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108375